Saudi Arabia’s distinctiveness as the only country globally without any permanent rivers or lakes is attributed to its harsh desert environment and arid climate. With vast expanses of arid land dominating its landscape, Saudi Arabia is predominantly characterized by hot and dry conditions, making the formation of permanent water bodies an uncommon occurrence. The absence of significant rainfall, coupled with the presence of expansive deserts like the Rub’ al Khali (Empty Quarter), further contributes to the scarcity of surface water in the country. While Saudi Arabia does experience seasonal wadis—dry riverbeds that intermittently fill with water during occasional rainfall—these are ephemeral and do not sustain water flow throughout the year. As a result, the nation heavily relies on alternative sources for its freshwater supply. Underground aquifers serve as the primary source of freshwater, providing natural reservoirs of groundwater. However, the over-extraction and depletion of these aquifers have raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of water resources in the country. To mitigate water scarcity challenges, Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in desalination technology. Desalination plants play a crucial role in extracting salt and other impurities from seawater, producing freshwater suitable for various purposes, including drinking water and irrigation. This investment in desalination underscores Saudi Arabia’s commitment to addressing water scarcity and ensuring access to freshwater resources for its population. As the country continues to grapple with water management challenges, innovative solutions such as desalination remain pivotal in meeting the water needs of its arid environment.